Estrategias para el abordaje en la enfermedad estenooclusiva de la arteria femoral común. El rol de la evidencia científica / Strategies for the management of steno-occlusive common femoral artery disease. The role of scientific evidence

La lesión estenótica u oclusiva confinada a la arteria femoral común (AFC) es bastante infrecuente. tradicionalmente, el tratamiento de referencia para esta entidad ha sido la endarterectomía femoral común (EFC). Este artículo tiene como objetivo realizar una revisión general de todas las estrategias terapéuticas actuales (cirugía abierta y abordajes endovasculares e híbridos) para el tratamiento de la lesión estenótica u oclusiva aislada de la AFC. Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica electrónica utilizando Pubmed y Google. Se analizaron las ventajas y las desventajas de cada técnica de revascularización y se informó de los resultados. La EFC demostró un alto éxito técnico y excelentes tasas de permeabilidad. Sin embargo, se asoció con una morbilidad local significativa, mayor duración de la estancia hospitalaria y mayores costos médicos en comparación con las terapias endovasculares. Los enfoques terapéuticos mínimamente invasivos mostraron resultados aceptables con complicaciones locales menores, pero tasas de permeabilidad más bajas en comparación con la cirugía abierta. Esta revisión sugiere la necesidad de más estudios comparativos aleatorios para evaluar el verdadero balance beneficio-riesgo de la EFC tradicional frente a las nuevas terapias mínimamente invasivas para tratar lesiones aisladas de la AFC.(AU)

isolated atherosclerotic stenosis or occlusion of the common femoral artery (CFa) is rather uncommon. traditionally,the standard of care of this entity has been the common femoral artery endarterectomy (CFe).this manuscript provides a general review of all the current therapeutical strategies (open surgery, endovascularand hybrid approaches) used to treat isolated CFa stenoses or occlusions.an electronic bibliographic search was performed on the Pubmed and Google databases. advantages and dis-advantages of each revascularization technique were analyzed and the outcomes reported. Common femoralendarterectomy (CFe) showed high technical success and excellent patency rates. However, it was associated withsignificantly local morbidities, longer lengths of stay and higher medical costs compared with endovascular ther-apies. minimally invasive therapeutical approaches showed acceptable outcomes with minor local complicationsbut lower patency rates compared to open surgery.Further randomized comparative studies are needed to assess the true benefit-risk ratio of traditional CFe vs newminimally invasive therapies for CFa disease.(AU)

Arterial cannulation in adult critical care patients: A comparative study between ultrasound guidance and palpation technique / Canulación arterial en pacientes adultos de cuidados críticos: un estudio comparativo entre la guía ecográfica y la técnica palpatoria

Objective To compare first attempt success rate for ultrasound-guided (USG) versus direct palpation (DP) for radial, femoral, and dorsalis pedis artery cannulations in adult intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Design Prospective randomized clinical trial. Setting Mixed adult ICU of a University Hospital. Participants Adult patients (≥18 years) admitted to the ICU requiring invasive arterial pressure monitoring were included. Exclusion criteria were patients with a pre-existing arterial line and cannulated with other than a 20-gauge cannula for radial and dorsalis pedis artery. Intervention Comparison of arterial cannulation by USG versus palpation technique in radial, femoral and dorsalis pedis arteries. Main variables of interest Primary outcome was first attempt success rate, secondary outcomes were assessing time for cannulations, number of attempts, overall success rate, complications, and comparison of two techniques on patients requiring vasopressor. Results 201 patients were enrolled in study, with 99 randomized to DP group and 102 to USG group. Arteries (radial, dorsalis pedis, femoral) cannulated in both groups were comparable (P = .193). Arterial line was placed on first attempt in 85 (83.3%) in USG group versus 55 (55.6%) in DP group (P = .02). Cannulation time in USG group was significantly shorter compared to DP group. Conclusions In our study, USG arterial cannulation, compared to palpatory technique, had a higher success rate at first attempt and a shorter cannulation time (AU)

Objetivo Comparar la tasa de éxito al primer intento de la técnica eco-dirigida (USG) versus la técnica palpatoria para la canulación de la arteria radial, femoral y dorsal del pie en pacientes adultos de la unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI). Diseño Ensayo clínico aleatorizado prospectivo. Ámbito UCI mixta de adultos de un Hospital Universitario. Participantes Se incluyeron pacientes adultos (≥18 años) ingresados en la UCI que requirieron monitorización invasiva de la presión arterial. Los criterios de exclusión fueron la presencia de un catéter arterial preexistente y canulados con una cánula distinta del calibre 20 para la arteria radial y dorsal del pie. Intervención Comparación de la canulación arterial por USG versus la técnica palpatoria en la arteria radial, femoral y pedia. Principales variables de interés El resultado primario fue la tasa de éxito al primer intento; los resultados secundarios fueron evaluar el tiempo requerido para lograr una canulación exitosa, el número de intentos, la tasa de éxito general, las complicaciones y la comparación de dos técnicas en pacientes que requirieron vasopresores. Resultados 201 pacientes fueron reclutados en el estudio, con 99 aleatorizados al grupo DP y 102 al grupo USG. El número de canulaciones en las tres arterias fue similar entre ambos grupos (P = ,193). La línea arterial se colocó en el primer intento en 85 (83,3%) en el grupo USG versus 55 (55,6%) en el grupo DP (P = ,02). El tiempo de canulación en el grupo USG fue significativamente menor en comparación con el grupo de DP. Conclusiones En nuestro trabajo, la canulación arterial ecodirigida, en comparación con la técnica palpatoria, tuvo una mayor tasa de éxito al primer intento y un menor tiempo de canulación (AU)

Arterial cannulation in adult critical care patients: A comparative study between ultrasound guidance and palpation technique.

OBJECTIVE: To compare first attempt success rate for ultrasound-guided (USG) versus direct palpation (DP) for radial, femoral, and dorsalis pedis artery cannulations in adult intensive care unit (ICU) patients. DESIGN: Prospective randomized clinical trial. SETTING: Mixed adult ICU of a University Hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Adult patients (≥18 years) admitted to the ICU requiring invasive arterial pressure monitoring were included. Exclusion criteria were patients with a pre-existing arterial line and cannulated with other than a 20-gauge cannula for radial and dorsalis pedis artery. INTERVENTION: Comparison of arterial cannulation by USG versus palpation technique in radial, femoral and dorsalis pedis arteries. MAIN VARIABLES OF INTEREST: Primary outcome was first attempt success rate, secondary outcomes were assessing time for cannulations, number of attempts, overall success rate, complications, and comparison of two techniques on patients requiring vasopressor. RESULTS: 201 patients were enrolled in study, with 99 randomized to DP group and 102 to USG group. Arteries (radial, dorsalis pedis, femoral) cannulated in both groups were comparable (P = .193). Arterial line was placed on first attempt in 85 (83.3%) in USG group versus 55 (55.6%) in DP group (P = .02). Cannulation time in USG group was significantly shorter compared to DP group. CONCLUSIONS: In our study, USG arterial cannulation, compared to palpatory technique, had a higher success rate at first attempt and a shorter cannulation time. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY OF INDIA NUMBER: CTRI/2020/01/022989.

Outcomes of hybrid procedures for peripheral arterial disease: 5-year single center experience.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to present patients with peripheral vascular disease (PVD) who underwent hybrid procedures at our institution, the results of these interventions for a 5-year period and determine patency, mortality, failure, and amputation rates compared to the literature. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Observational, single center, retrospective, and cross-sectional study which analyzed data gathered from the vascular quality initiative from patients who had hybrid revascularization procedures from January 2010 to December 2015. RESULTS: 87 patients were identified: 51 (58%) male, 36 (41%) female, 9 (10%) had critical limb ischemia (CLI), and 78 (90%) claudication. We analyzed results of hybrid interventions in their variations. Technical success rate was 100%, patency at 2 years 88.5% (primary 65%, primary-assisted 18.3%, and secondary 4.5%) and 11.49% failure rate (lost patency < 1 year, conversion to open or/and amputation). Predictors of failure were: Female, previous chronic heart failure, longer length of stay, and previously transferred from another hospital. Amputation rate was 12.6% (10.3% major and 2.2% minor amputation), the only significant predictor was age (p = 0.035, odds ratio = 0.89) (0.806-99). CONCLUSIONS: Hybrid procedures are effective to treat patients with either CLI or claudication. Our study had outcomes comparable to the literature, with similar patency, amputation, and complication rates. We conclude it is a safe and effective option for PVD with multi-level disease.

OBJETIVO: Presentar pacientes con EAP que requirieron procedimientos híbridos en nuestra institución, resultados en 1 periodo de 5 años y determinar permeabilidad, mortalidad, falla y rangos de amputación comparado con la literatura. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional un céntrico, retrospectivo y transversal que analizó datos obtenidos del VQI de pacientes post-revascularización híbrida de Enero 2010 a Diciembre 2015. RESULTADOS: Se identificaron 87 pacientes: 51 masculinos (58%) y 34 femeninos (41%). 9 (10%) presentaron isquemia crítica, 78 (90%) claudicación. Se analizaron resultados de dichas intervenciones en sus variaciones, con éxito técnico 100%, permeabilidad a 2 años 88.5% (primaria 65%, primaria asistida 18.3%, secundaria 4.5%) y 11.49% de falla (pérdida de permeabilidad < 1 año, conversión a cirugía abierta y/o amputación). Predictores de falla: femenino, IC, larga EIH, traslado de hospital previo). El rango de amputación fue 12.6% (10.3% mayor, 2-2% amputación menor) y el único predictor significativo fue edad (p = 0.035, OR = 0.89) (0.806-99). CONCLUSIONES: Los procedimientos híbridos son efectivos para tratar pacientes con isquemia crítica o claudicación. Nuestro estudio tuvo resultados similares a la literatura,permeabilidad, riesgo de amputación y complicaciones comparables con lo descrito. Concluimos que es una opción segura y efectiva para tratar pacientes con EAP multinivel.

Aneurisma verdadero aislado en arteria femoral superficial asociado a síndrome del dedo azul / True isolated aneurysm in superficial femoral artery associated with blue finger syndrome

Los aneurismas femorales son raros y más aún en la arteria femoral superficial. Estos representan solo el 3 por ciento de todos los aneurismas periféricos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue presentar el caso de un aneurisma verdadero aislado en arteria femoral superficial asociado a síndrome del dedo azul. Se reporta un paciente masculino de 75 años, fumador, con antecedentes patológicos personales de hipertensión arterial, que llega remitido con urgencia desde su área de salud por presentar cambios de coloración (cianosis), frialdad y dolor en la planta y los dedos del pie derecho (microembolias distales). En la tomografía computarizada contrastada se observó aneurisma aislado en la arteria femoral superficial de 4,5 cm de diámetro transversal. Se decidió operar al paciente y se realizó aneurismectomía con interposición de injerto protésico con politetrafluoroetileno, con una configuración de anastomosis término-terminal. Tuvo una evolución clínica posoperatoria inmediata y tardía satisfactoria. Entre los aneurismas femorales, los que afectan a la arteria femoral superficial están menos descritos y pueden complicarse con trombosis, embolización distal o rotura. Existe un alto consenso para su reparación, al eliminar la fuente embólica, prevenir la trombosis, tratar la rotura, eliminar cualquier efecto de masa y restaurar la perfusión de la extremidad distal. Dado que el síndrome del dedo azul puede ser la primera manifestación de esta enfermedad, su rápido reconocimiento, diagnóstico precoz de la fuente embolígena y tratamiento médico-quirúrgico pueden evitar la amputación mayor o la muerte del paciente(AU)

Femoral aneurysms are rare and even more so in the superficial femoral artery. These account for only 3 percent of all peripheral aneurysms. The objective of this study was to present the case of an true isolated aneurysm in the superficial femoral artery associated with blue finger syndrome. A 75-year-old male patient, smoker, with a personal pathological history of arterial hypertension, is reported to be urgently referred from his health area for presenting changes in coloration (cyanosis), coldness and pain in the sole and toes of the right foot (distal microembolisms). The contrasted computed tomography showed an isolated aneurysm in the superficial femoral artery of 4.5 cm transverse diameter. It was decided to operate on the patient and aneurysmectomy was performed with interposition of prosthetic graft with polytetrafluoroethylene, with a configuration of termino-terminal anastomosis. He had a satisfactory immediate and late postoperative clinical evolution. Among femoral aneurysms, those affecting the superficial femoral artery are less described and can be complicated by thrombosis, distal embolization, or rupture. There is a high consensus for their repair by removing the embolic source, preventing thrombosis, treating rupture, eliminating any mass effects and restoring perfusion of the distal limb. Since blue finger syndrome may be the first manifestation of this pathology, its rapid recognition, early diagnosis of the emboligenic source and medical-surgical treatment can prevent major amputation or death of the patient(AU)

Eventos clínicos adversos relacionados con el uso del método femoral y método radial en pacientes sometidos a procedimientos de cardiología intervencionista en el Hospital Nacional Hipólito Unanue / Clinical adverse events related to the use of femoral and radial artery access in patients who underwent interventional cardiology procedures in the Hospital Nacional Hipólito Unanue

RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar cuáles fueron los eventos clínicos adversos relacionados con el uso del método femoral y método radial en pacientes que fueron sometidos a procedimientos de cardiología intervencionista en el Hospital Nacional Hipólito Unanue, durante el periodo 2015-2017. Materiales y métodos: La metodología fue comparativa, retrospectiva, con diseño observacional y analítico. Se trabajó con un total de 151 historias clínicas de pacientes que presentaron eventos clínicos adversos. Se empleó la revisión documental como técnica de recolección de datos, y una ficha de recolección de datos como instrumento, la cual fue diseñada por el investigador. Para realizar el análisis se utilizó el programa R. Resultados: De 151 cateterismos cardiacos, el 51,66 % se realizó por el método femoral y 48,34 %, por el método radial. Con respecto a la edad de los pacientes, el promedio fue 59,6 ±11,3 años; el 39,73 % de ellos estuvo entre el rango de 60 a 70 años; y el 73,50 % fueron pacientes del sexo masculino. En cuanto a las comorbilidades, la hipertensión arterial y la diabetes mellitus fueron las enfermedades más recurrentes entre los pacientes. Se presentaron eventos clínicos adversos relacionados con el uso de ambos métodos de acceso vascular, aunque no se consideraron graves; sin embargo, su incidencia es alta. Para la muestra del método femoral, en 50 % de los casos, se presentó hematoma (25,60 %), hemorragia (9 %), isquemia (1,30 %), reacción vagal (1,30 %), pseudoaneurisma (1,30 %), un caso raro tipo quemadura (1,30 %) y dolor (10,20 %); mientras que, en el método radial, en 19,14 % de los casos, se presentó hematoma (8,21 %), hemorragia (2,73 %), espasmo radial (1,40 %) y dolor (6,80 %). Conclusiones: Después de que se determinó cuáles eran los eventos clínicos adversos, se llegó a la conclusión de que es mejor usar el método radial en vez del método femoral para procedimientos de cardiología intervencionista.

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the clinical adverse events related to the use of femoral and radial artery access in patients who underwent interventional cardiology procedures in the Hospital Nacional Hipólito Unanue from 2015 to 2017. Materials and methods: A comparative, retrospective, observational and analytical study was conducted with a total of 151 medical records of patients who had clinical adverse events. Medical record review was used as data collection technique, and a data collection sheet designed by the researcher was used as instrument. The R software was used for the analysis. Results: Out of 151 cardiac catheterizations, 51.66 % were performed by a femoral artery access and 48.34 % by a radial artery access. The average age of the patients was 59.6 ± 11.3 years, out of which 39.73 % ranged between 60 and 70 years, and 73.50 % of the patients were males. The most frequent comorbidities were arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Non-serious clinical adverse events occurred as a result of both vascular access procedures; however, their incidence was high. Fifty percent (50%) of the patients who underwent a femoral artery access procedure showed the following adverse events: hematoma (25.60 %), bleeding (9 %), ischemia (1.30 %), vagal response (1.30 %), pseudoaneurysm (1.30 %), a rare skin rash that looked like a burn (1.30 %) and pain (10.20 %). In contrast, 19.14 % of the patients who underwent a radial artery access procedure presented hematoma (8.21 %), bleeding (2.73 %), radial artery spasm (1.40 %) and pain (6.80 %). Conclusions: After determining the clinical adverse events, it was concluded that radial artery access is better than femoral artery access for interventional cardiology procedures.

Prognostic factors in treatment of traumatic femoropopliteal arterial injuries at a Brazilian trauma center / Fatores prognósticos no tratamento de lesão traumática arterial femoropoplítea em um centro de trauma brasileiro

Abstract Background Despite significant improvements in outcomes, traumatic arterial limb injuries remain a significant cause of limb loss and mortality. Objectives This study sought to identify predictors of mortality and major amputation in patients undergoing revascularization after femoropopliteal arterial trauma. Methods This was a retrospective review of a trauma registry from an urban trauma center in Brazil. All patients admitted to our hospital with a femoropopliteal arterial injury from November 2012 to December 2017 who underwent vascular reconstruction were included. Univariate analyses and logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify factors independently associated with the primary outcome of amputation and the secondary outcome of mortality. Results Ninety-six patients were included. Eleven patients (11.5%) had an amputation and 14 (14.6%) died. In the logistic regression model for amputation, patients with ischemia duration greater than 6 hours were approximately 10 times more likely to undergo an amputation compared to those with ischemia duration less than or equal to 6 hours (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) [95% confidence interval (CI)]: 9.6 [1.2-79.9]). The logistic regression model for mortality revealed that patients with ischemia duration greater than 6 hours were approximately 6 times more likely to die compared to those with ischemia duration less than or equal to 6 hours (AOR [95% CI]: 5.6 [1.3 to 24.7). Conclusions Ischemia duration remains the most important factor independently associated with limb loss and mortality for patients undergoing femoropopliteal arterial revascularization after traumatic injuries. Physiological status on admission and trauma scores are also important.

Resumo Contexto As lesões arteriais traumáticas de membros ainda permanecem uma causa significativa de perda de membros e mortalidade, apesar de melhorias significativas observadas nos resultados após a ocorrências dessas lesões. Objetivos Este estudo buscou identificar preditores de mortalidade e amputações em pacientes submetidos à revascularização após trauma arterial femoropoplíteo. Métodos Esta é uma revisão de um Registro de Trauma Vascular. Todos os pacientes com lesão arterial femoropoplítea internados em nosso hospital de novembro de 2012 a dezembro de 2017 e submetidos a reconstrução vascular foram incluídos. Análises univariadas, seguidas de análises de regressão logística, foram realizadas para identificar fatores independentemente associados com os resultados primários de amputação e mortalidade. Resultados Foram incluídos 96 pacientes, com média de 27 anos. O Revised Trauma Score (RTS) foi, em média, 7,152; já o Injury Severity Score (ISS) foi, em média, 15. Onze pacientes (11,5%) tiveram amputação, e 14 pacientes (14,6%) morreram. Observou-se que pacientes com o tempo de isquemia maior que 6 horas apresentaram aproximadamente 10 vezes mais chance de amputação do que aqueles com tempo igual ou menor que 6 horas (intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC95%]: 1,2 a 79,9). O tempo de isquemia maior que 6 horas aumentou em aproximadamente 6 vezes a chance de mortalidade (IC95%: 1,26 a 24,77). A instabilidade hemodinâmica aumentou em 9 vezes a chance de mortalidade (IC95%: 2,36 a 36,67). Conclusões O tempo de isquemia continua sendo o fator mais importante independentemente associado a amputação e óbito em pacientes submetidos à revascularização arterial femoropoplítea após traumas. O estado fisiológico e os escores de trauma são importantes.

An unusual case of femoral arteriovenous fistula associated with acute limb ischemia following femoral vein catheterization for hemodialysis / Um caso incomum de fístula arteriovenosa femoral associada a isquemia aguda de membro após cateterização da veia femoral para hemodiálise

Abstract Co-occurrence of acute limb ischemia (ALI) and arteriovenous fistula (AVF) as a manifestation of inadvertent arterial injury during percutaneous femoral vein dialysis catheter insertion is a rare and dangerous, but preventable complication. Iatrogenic femoral AVF commonly presents late, with leg swelling or high output cardiac failure. However, the co-occurrence of a femoral AVF with both progressive leg swelling, and acute thromboembolism has not been previously reported. We report the case of an iatrogenic femoral AVF with superficial femoral artery (SFA) thrombosis and distal embolism in a 53-year-old female who underwent percutaneous femoral access for temporary hemodialysis. Both the SFA and AVF were managed with open surgical repair.

Resumo A coocorrência de isquemia aguda de membro (IAM) e fístula arteriovenosa (FAV) como uma manifestação de lesão arterial inadvertida durante a inserção de cateter para hemodiálise por via femoral percutânea é uma complicação rara e perigosa, porém evitável. A FAV femoral iatrogênica geralmente tem apresentação tardia, com edema dos membros inferiores ou insuficiência cardíaca de alto débito. No entanto, a coocorrência de FAV femoral com edema progressivo dos membros inferiores e tromboembolismo agudo não foi previamente relatada. Relatamos o caso de uma FAV femoral iatrogênica com trombose da artéria femoral superficial (AFS) e embolia distal em uma paciente do sexo feminino, 53 anos, submetida à acesso femoral percutâneo para hemodiálise temporária. Tanto a AFS quanto a FAV foram manejadas com reparo cirúrgico aberto.

Pseudoaneurisma e fístula arteriovenosa da artéria femoral profunda após rotura completa do músculo vasto medial: tratamento endovascular / Pseudoaneurysm and arteriovenous fistula of the deep femoral artery after complete rupture of the vastus medialis muscle: endovascular treatment

Resumo A artéria femoral profunda, devido às suas características anatômicas, se encontra protegida da maioria dos traumatismos vasculares. Relatamos um caso de pseudoaneurisma de ramo perfurante da artéria femoral profunda, associado à fístula arteriovenosa, secundário a rotura completa do músculo vasto medial em paciente jogador de futebol. A ressonância magnética demonstrou lesão muscular associada a pseudoaneurisma, e a angiotomografia confirmou a presença de pseudoaneurisma associado a fístula arteriovenosa de ramo da artéria femoral profunda. Foi realizado tratamento endovascular da fístula através da embolização com micromolas fibradas e drenagem cirúrgica do hematoma muscular. O paciente evoluiu bem, sem queixas clínicas no 30º dia de pós-operatório e também após 1 ano.

Abstract Due to its anatomical characteristics, the deep femoral artery is protected from most vascular injuries. We report a case of a soccer player with pseudoaneurysm of a perforating branch of the deep femoral artery, associated with an arteriovenous fistula and secondary to complete rupture of the vastus medialis muscle. Magnetic resonance imaging showed muscle damage associated with a pseudoaneurysm and angiotomography confirmed the presence of a pseudoaneurysm associated with a deep arteriovenous fistula of a branch of the deep femoral artery. Endovascular treatment of the fistula was performed by embolization with fibrous microcoils and surgical drainage of the muscle hematoma. The patient recovered well, was free from clinical complaints on the 30th postoperative day and also after 1 year.

Axial and sciatic arteries: a new interpretation / Arterias axiales y ciáticas: una nueva interpretación

SUMMARY: In an investigation of 92 female and 79 male cadavers persistent sciatic and axial arteries were identified and classified based on their origin and location. Sciatic arteries were observed to arise from a number of different arteries in 68 specimens: anterior trunk of the internal iliac artery (12 specimen); internal pudendal artery (1 specimen); posterior trunk of the internal iliac artery (44 specimens); anterior and posterior trunks as a double artery (4 specimens); superior gluteal artery (7 specimens). In addition, the sciatic arteries were observed to give the superior and inferior gluteal arteries (12 and 9 specimens respectively). It is of note that a persistent sciatic artery was observed to give the superior or inferior gluteal artery rather than the superior or inferior gluteal artery giving the persistent sciatic artery: a persistent sciatic artery was also observed to exist with the superior or inferior gluteal artery. This questions the general embryological origin of a persistent sciatic artery. The embryological origin of the proximal part of the axial artery and whether it forms the superior or inferior gluteal artery is discussed, together with the general arrangement of the internal iliac and femoral arterial systems. Presentation of the sciatic artery is also discussed with respect to existing embryological theories and from a new perspective. A number of embryological vascular anomalies are also discussed.

RESUMEN: En este studio se identificaron y clasificaron las arterias ciáticas y axiales persistentes según su origen y ubicación en 92 cadáveres femeninos y 79 masculinos, Se observó que las arterias ciáticas surgían de varias arterias diferentes en 68 especímenes: tronco anterior de la arteria ilíaca interna (12 especímenes); arteria pudenda interna (1 espécimen); tronco posterior de la arteria ilíaca interna (44 especímenes); troncos anterior y posterior como una arteria doble (4 especímenes); arteria glútea superior (7 especímenes). Además, se observó que las arterias ciáticas daban las arterias glúteas superior e inferior (12 y 9 especímenes respectivamente). Cabe señalar que se observó que una arteria ciática persistente daba lugar a la arteria glútea superior o inferior en lugar de que la arteria glútea superior o inferior diera lugar a la arteria ciática persistente: también se observó que existía una arteria ciática persistente con la arteria glútea superior o inferior. Esto cuestiona el origen embriológico general de una arteria ciática persistente. Se discute el origen embriológico de la parte proximal de la arteria axial y si forma la arteria glútea superior o inferior, junto con la disposición general de los sistemas arteriales ilíaco interno y femoral. También se observó desde una nueva perspectiva la presentación de la arteria ciática con respecto a las teorías embriológicas existentes. Además se discuten varias anomalías vasculares embriológicas.

Pseudoaneurisma de la arteria femoral derecha posterior a cateterismo cardíaco / Right femoral artery pseudoaneurysm following cardiac catheterization

El pseudoaneurisma se puede definir como un hematoma pulsátil repermeabilizado y encapsulado, en comunicación con la luz de un vaso dañado. Los pseudoaneurismas de las extremidades son los más frecuentes; entre ellos se destacan los iatrogénicos de la arteria femoral. Su incidencia es del 2 por ciento-8 por ciento cuando se realizan angioplastia/stent coronarios y del 0,2 por ciento-0,5 por ciento cuando únicamente se hace angiografía diagnóstica. Se presenta un paciente con diagnóstico de pseudoaneurisma femoral derecho posterior a un cateterismo cardíaco, con el objetivo de demostrar la importancia del diagnóstico temprano de las pseudaeurismas para el tratamiento quirúrgico oportuno y evitar complicaciones posteriores. Al mes del procedimiento, el paciente comenzó con aumento de volumen en la región inguinal derecha y a la auscultación se apreció un soplo a ese nivel. Se le realizó exérisis del pseudoaneurisma y reparación quirúrgica de la arteria femoral. En las consultas de evaluación posoperatoria se mostró una evolución clínica y radiológica satisfactoria. El diagnóstico rápido de estas entidades vasculares evita que se presenten complicaciones posteriores y aseguran una evolución rápida y satisfactoria de los pacientes que la padecen(AU)

Pseudoaneurysm can be defined as a repermeabilized and encapsulated pulsatile hematoma, in communication with the light of a damaged vessel. Pseudoaneurysms of the limbs are the most frequent; among them are the iatrogenic of the femoral artery. Its incidence is 2 percent -8 percent when coronary angioplasty/stent is performed and 0.2 percent-0.5 percent when only diagnostic angiography is performed. A patient with a diagnosis of right femoral pseudoaneurysm after cardiac catheterization is presented, with the aim of demonstrating the importance of early diagnosis of pseudoaneurysms for timely surgical treatment and avoiding subsequent complications. A month after the procedure, the patient began with an increase in volume in the right inguinal region and auscultation showed a murmur at that level. Pseudoaneurysm exeresis and surgical repair of the femoral artery were performed. In the postoperative evaluation consultations, a satisfactory clinical and radiological evolution was shown. The rapid diagnosis of these vascular entities prevents subsequent complications from occurring and ensures a rapid and satisfactory evolution of patients who suffer from it(AU)

Trombosis de la arteria femoral en un neonato pretérmino extremo / Femoral artery thrombosis in an extremely preterm newborn

Introducción:la trombosis arterial en neonatos es mayoritariamente secundaria a complicaciones en la cateterización. La anticoagulación es la piedra angular del tratamiento en la isquemia aguda. La trombosis persistente se manifiesta con asimetrías en el volumen del miembro y claudicación. La revascularización electiva tiene su lugar en la isquemia crónica.Caso clínico:presentamos el caso de una recién nacida prematura extrema con trombosis de arteria femoral como complicación de una descubierta para una cateterización venosa central. Se inició anticoagulación precozmente y logró la preservación del miembro con secuelas.Discusión:el trauma iatrogénico de la arteria femoral complica el curso de neonatos y niños en estado crítico y tiene una mortalidad del 12-20 %. La rápida regeneración tisular en la edad pediátrica son factores protectores. La trombosis femoral en niños se manifiesta generalmente como isquemia aguda y su buen pronóstico funcional está en relación con la plasticidad en la edad pediátrica.(AU)

Introduction:most arterial thrombosis in a newborn is catheter-related. Anticoagulant therapy is the cornerstone of treatment of acute ischemia. Persistent thrombosis causes limb-length discrepancy and intermittent claudication. Elective arterial revascularization plays a role in the management of chronic limb ischaemia.Case report:we present the case of an extremely preterm newborn with femoral artery thrombosis caused in an attempt of vein catheterization. Early anticoagulation therapy was initiated and the limb was preserved with sequelae.Discussion:iatrogenic trauma in the femoral artery complicates the course of neonate and children and has a 12-20 % mortality rate. The quick regeneration of the tissue in pediatric age is a protecting factor. Femoral thrombosis in children manifests generally as acute isquemia and its good prognostic is correlated with the plasticity of the pediatric age.(AU)

Damage control of peripheral vascular trauma - Don't be afraid of axillary or popliteal fosses / Control de daños del trauma vascular periférico - No le tema a la fosa axilar o poplítea

Abstract Peripheral vascular injuries are uncommon in civilian trauma but can threaten the patient's life or the viability of the limb. The definitive control of the vascular injury represents a surgical challenge, especially if the patient is hemodynamically unstable. This article proposes the management of peripheral vascular trauma following damage control surgery principles. It is essential to rapidly identify vascular injury signs and perform temporary bleeding control maneuvers. The surgical approaches according to the anatomical injured region should be selected. We propose two novel approaches to access the axillary and popliteal zones. The priority should be to reestablish limb perfusion via primary repair or damage control techniques (vascular shunt or endovascular approach). Major vascular surgeries should be managed post-operatively in the intensive care unit, which will allow correction of physiological derangement and identification of those developing compartmental syndrome. All permanent or temporary vascular procedures should be followed by a definitive repair within the first 8 hours. An early diagnosis and opportune intervention are fundamental to preserve the function and perfusion of the extremity.

Resumen El trauma vascular periférico no es común en el contexto civil, pero representa una amenaza para la vida del paciente o de la extremidad. El control definitivo de la lesión vascular representa un desafío quirúrgico, especialmente en pacientes con inestabilidad hemodinámica. Este artículo describe la propuesta de manejo del trauma vascular periférico de acuerdo con los principios de la cirugía de control de daños. Se debe identificar los signos sugestivos de lesión vascular y realizar oportunamente maniobras temporales para el control del sangrado. Se debe elegir el abordaje quirúrgico dependiendo del área anatómica lesionada. Se proponen dos nuevas incisiones para acceder a la región axilar y poplítea. La prioridad es restablecer la perfusión de la extremidad mediante el reparo primario o técnicas de control de daños (shunt vascular o abordaje endovascular). Los pacientes sometidos a cirugías vasculares mayores deben ser manejados postoperatoriamente en la unidad de cuidados intensivos para corregir las alteraciones fisiológicas e identificar aquellos que desarrollen un síndrome compartimental. Todos los procedimientos vasculares permanentes o temporales deben contar con un reparo definitivo en las primeras 8 horas. El diagnóstico temprano e intervención oportuna son fundamentales para salvaguardar la perfusión y funcionalidad de la extremidad.

Damage control of peripheral vascular trauma - Don't be afraid of axillary or popliteal fosses / Control de daños del trauma vascular periférico - No le tema a la fosa axilar o poplítea

Abstract Peripheral vascular injuries are uncommon in civilian trauma but can threaten the patient's life or the viability of the limb. The definitive control of the vascular injury represents a surgical challenge, especially if the patient is hemodynamically unstable. This article proposes the management of peripheral vascular trauma following damage control surgery principles. It is essential to rapidly identify vascular injury signs and perform temporary bleeding control maneuvers. The surgical approaches according to the anatomical injured region should be selected. We propose two novel approaches to access the axillary and popliteal zones. The priority should be to reestablish limb perfusion via primary repair or damage control techniques (vascular shunt or endovascular approach). Major vascular surgeries should be managed post-operatively in the intensive care unit, which will allow correction of physiological derangement and identification of those developing compartmental syndrome. All permanent or temporary vascular procedures should be followed by a definitive repair within the first 8 hours. An early diagnosis and opportune intervention are fundamental to preserve the function and perfusion of the extremity.

Resumen El trauma vascular periférico no es común en el contexto civil, pero representa una amenaza para la vida del paciente o de la extremidad. El control definitivo de la lesión vascular representa un desafío quirúrgico, especialmente en pacientes con inestabilidad hemodinámica. Este artículo describe la propuesta de manejo del trauma vascular periférico de acuerdo con los principios de la cirugía de control de daños. Se debe identificar los signos sugestivos de lesión vascular y realizar oportunamente maniobras temporales para el control del sangrado. Se debe elegir el abordaje quirúrgico dependiendo del área anatómica lesionada. Se proponen dos nuevas incisiones para acceder a la región axilar y poplítea. La prioridad es restablecer la perfusión de la extremidad mediante el reparo primario o técnicas de control de daños (shunt vascular o abordaje endovascular). Los pacientes sometidos a cirugías vasculares mayores deben ser manejados postoperatoriamente en la unidad de cuidados intensivos para corregir las alteraciones fisiológicas e identificar aquellos que desarrollen un síndrome compartimental. Todos los procedimientos vasculares permanentes o temporales deben contar con un reparo definitivo en las primeras 8 horas. El diagnóstico temprano e intervención oportuna son fundamentales para salvaguardar la perfusión y funcionalidad de la extremidad.

Pseudoaneurisma para-anastomótico gigante tras revascularización por baipás aorto-bifemoral: Informe de un caso / Giant para-anastomotic pseudoaneurysm after revascularization though aorto-bifemoral bypass grafting: Case report

RESUMEN El pseudoaneurisma es aquel hematoma pulsátil y encapsulado producido tras la rotura de todas las túnicas del vaso y contenido por tejidos vecinos circundantes. Es considerado una complicación tardía en la cirugía protésica aorto-ilíaca. Se presenta un paciente de 72 años al que se le realizó un baipás aorto-bifemoral 13 años atrás, y que posteriormente se le diagnosticó un pseudoaneurisma para-anastomótico que se dejó evolucionar por presentar varias comorbilidades asociadas. Transcurridos 2 años fue necesario realizarle una intervención quirúrgica por presentar crecimiento excesivo de la tumefacción y complicación isquémica con necrosis cutánea. La aparición de un pseudoaneurisma está relacionada con el sexo, el material protésico y con el tiempo que transcurre desde la cirugía. El seguimiento ultrasonográfico durante el postoperatorio es primordial para identificar tempranamente esta complicación.

ABSTRACT Pseudoaneurysm is that pulsatile and encapsulated hematoma produced after the rupture of all vessel layers and contained by surrounding neighboring tissues. It is considered a late complication in aorto-iliac prosthetic surgery. We present a 72-year-old patient who underwent an aorto-bifemoral bypass grafting 13 years ago, and who was subsequently diagnosed with a para-anastomotic pseudoaneurysm that was allowed to evolve due to presenting several associated comorbidities. After two years, it was necessary to perform a surgical intervention due to the excessive growth of the swelling, and ischemic complication with skin necrosis. The appearance of a pseudoaneurysm is related to sex, prosthetic material as well as the time that elapses since the surgery. Ultrasound follow-up during the postoperative period is essential for an early identification of this complication.

Pseudoaneurisma de la arteria femoral profunda secundario a trauma penetrante: reporte de caso / Deep femoral artery pseudoaneurysm secondary to penetrating trauma: case report

Resumen Objetivo: El objetivo del trabajo es presentar una opción terapéutica adecuada para los pseudoaneurismas de la femoral profunda secundarios a trauma penetrante, así como realizar una revisión de la literatura sobre el manejo en estas patologías. Caso clínico: Paciente masculino de 21 años quien 5 meses previos a su valoración sufre una herida por arma punzocortante en el muslo izquierdo, desarrollando aumento de volumen el sitio de la lesión, dolor y limitación al movimiento. Se diagnostica un pseudoaneurisma de la arteria femoral profunda de 2,3 cm x 2,1 cm x 2,7 cm y un hematoma adyacente de 13,5 cm x 12,6 cm x 23 cm. Se realiza exclusión del pseudoaneurisma mediante cirugía endovascular con coils, posteriormente se evacúa el hematoma adyacente. Resultados: El paciente egresa al tercer día posoperatorio con mejoría de la sintomatología, antibioticoterapia y analgesia. Discusión y Conclusión: En el caso presentado la exclusión del pseudoaneurisma mediante coils facilitó el control de éste y la evacuación del hematoma adyacente, disminuyendo el riesgo de sangrado. Por lo que consideramos adecuada esta conducta terapéutica en pseudoaneurismas de la femoral profunda.

Aim: The aim of this paper is to present a case of a deep femoral artery pseudoaneurysm secondary to a penetrating trauma in the left thigh, its management and a literature review. Clinical Case: 21-year-old male referred to the emergency department of our institution 5 months after he was injured with a knife on his left thigh, with severe local swelling, local pain, and difficulty to the mobilization of the left leg. A 2.3 cm x 2.1 cm x 2.7 cm deep femoral artery pseudoaneurysm was diagnosed with a 13.5 cm x 12.6 cm x 23 cm adjacent hematoma. Endovascular exclusion was made with coils and evacuation of the hematoma with open surgery. Results: The patient was discharged on the third day postop without pain and walking with antibiotics and follow-up to a month did not reveal any complications. Discusion and Conclusion: Exclusion with coils is an adequate management in deep femoral pseudoaneurysms that facilitates the evacuation of the hematoma lowering the risk of bleeding.

Aneurisma verdadeiro isolado de artéria femoral profunda associado a doença arterial periférica: relato de caso / True isolated deep femoral artery aneurysm associated with peripheral artery disease: case report

Resumo Os aneurismas verdadeiros de artéria femoral profunda são extremamente raros, representando cerca de 0,5% do total dos aneurismas periféricos. Neste relato, descrevemos um paciente de 79 anos de idade, sexo masculino, com histórico de abordagem cirúrgica prévia convencional devido a aneurisma de aorta abdominal, que deu entrada no Serviço de Cirurgia Vascular do Hospital das Clínicas com quadro de claudicação intermitente de membros inferiores. Foi realizado eco-Doppler colorido arterial do membro inferior direito, que revelou doença arterial periférica femoro-poplítea e infrapatelar. A angiotomografia computadorizada identificou oclusão aortoilíaca e do enxerto bifurcado desde o segmento infrarrenal da aorta, além de aneurisma de artéria femoral profunda de 3,7 x 3,5 cm de diâmetro com 7 cm de extensão. Procedeu-se com a ressecção do aneurisma e revascularização da artéria femoral profunda por interposição de prótese de Dacron® e reimplante de artéria femoral superficial na prótese. Portanto, nos casos de aneurisma de artéria femoral profunda concomitante a doença arterial periférica, deve-se atentar para revascularização e perfusão adequada do membro inferior.

Abstract True deep femoral artery aneurysms are extremely rare, accounting for about 0.5% of all peripheral aneurysms. In this report, we describe a 79-year-old male patient with a history of prior abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery via a conventional approach who was admitted to the vascular surgery service at the Hospital das Clínicas with intermittent claudication of the lower limbs. Arterial color-Doppler ultrasonography of the right lower limb was performed, revealing peripheral arterial disease of the femoral--popliteal and infrapatellar segments. Computed tomography angiography identified aortoiliac and bifurcated graft occlusion from the infrarenal segment of the aorta, in addition to a deep femoral artery aneurysm with diameters of 3.7 cm x 3.5 cm and length of 7 cm. Resection of the aneurysm was followed by revascularization of the deep femoral artery by interposition of a Dacron® graft and reimplantation of the superficial femoral artery into the graft. In cases of deep femoral artery aneurysms with concomitant peripheral arterial disease, it is important to ensure revascularization and adequate perfusion of the lower limb.

Persistent mycotic superficial femoral artery pseudoaneurysm after endovascular treatment: a case report / Pseudoaneurisma micótico persistente da artéria femoral superficial após tratamento endovascular: relato de caso

Abstract Mycotic pseudoaneurysms of the superficial femoral artery (SFA) are rare and are usually secondary to colonization of an atherosclerotic plaque during an episode of bacteremia. We describe the case of a 68 year-old diabetic male who presented to the Emergency Department with pyrexia and a painful expanding mass in the left thigh. He had a history of diarrhea and had been treated 16 days earlier for an SFA pseudoaneurysm that had been excluded with a covered stent with no adjunctive antibiotic therapy. Angio CT showed an abscess surrounding femoral vessels and stent thrombosis. Under general anesthesia, we performed extensive debridement, removal of the endovascular material, SFA ligation, and empirical antibiotic therapy. Blood and tissue cultures were positive for Escherichia coli. At the 3-months follow up visit, the patient reported he had no claudication. In selected patients, mycotic pseudoaneurysms can be treated by SFA ligation.

Resumo Pseudoaneurismas micóticos da artéria femoral superficial (AFS) são raros, e geralmente são secundários à colonização de uma placa aterosclerótica durante bacteremia. Relatamos o caso de um paciente masculino diabético de 68 anos que chegou ao Serviço de Emergência com pirexia e massa expansiva dolorosa na coxa esquerda. Apresentava histórico de diarreia e havia sido tratado 16 dias antes para pseudoaneurisma da AFS, que foi excluído com stent coberto e sem antibioticoterapia adjuvante. A angiotomografia computadorizada demonstrou um abscesso ao redor dos vasos femorais e trombose do stent. Sob anestesia geral, realizamos desbridamento extenso, remoção do material endovascular, ligadura de AFS e antibioticoterapia empírica. Culturas de sangue e tecidos foram positivas para Escherichia coli. Na consulta de seguimento aos 3 meses, o paciente negou claudicação. Em pacientes selecionados, pseudoaneurismas micóticos podem ser tratados com ligadura de AFS.

IPACK block: emerging complementary analgesic technique for total knee arthroplasty / Bloqueo IPACK: Complemento analgésico emergente en artroplastia de rodilla

Abstract Introduction: Pain control in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a determining factor in the patient's rehabilitation process. With conventional peripheral blocking techniques for the posterior compartment, foot drop, and distal motor deficit have been reported. The infiltration between popliteal artery and capsule of the knee (IPACK) block is a promising emerging analgesic technique. Objective: To describe analgesic control, opioid consumption, and mobility of patients scheduled for TKA using IPACK block as adjunct analgesic to the femoral block. Methods: We conducted a prospective observational cohort study over a 6-month period in adults taken to TKA. Sociodemographic and anthropometric characteristics, laterality, postoperative pain, and opioid consumption, patient and surgeon satisfaction (Likert), postoperative nausea and vomiting, and walk in the first 24hours, were evaluated and reported with a descriptive analysis. Results: Twenty-seven patients taken to TKA received an IPACK block. The pain score remained in a mild level during the 48 hours of evaluation. In 73% of the cases, an opioid rescue dose was not required; 81% of the patients managed to walk in the first 24 hours. Conclusion: The IPACK block, combined with femoral block and neuraxial anesthesia, turn out to be an excellent analgesic strategy for TKA, achieving adequate pain management, prompt rehabilitation, and early ambulation of the patient.

Resumen Introducción: El control del dolor en artroplastia total de rodilla (ATR) es determinante en el proceso de rehabilitación del paciente. Con las técnicas convencionales de bloqueo periférico para el compartimiento posterior se ha reportado pie caído y déficit motor distal. Por lo anterior, se decidió evaluar en una cohorte las cualidades analgésicas del bloqueo IPACK como una técnica emergente prometedora. Objetivo: Describir el control analgésico, consumo de opioides y movilidad de pacientes programados para ATR usando bloqueo IPACK como adyuvante analgésico al bloqueo femoral. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de cohorte prospectivo, en adultos llevados a ATR, durante 6 meses. Se evaluaron las características sociodemográficas, antropométricas, lateralidad, dolor postopera torio y consumo de opioides, satisfacción del paciente y del cirujano, náuseas y vómito postoperatorio, caminata en las primeras 48 h. Se informar los resultados de forma descriptiva. Resultados: En total, 27 pacientes a quienes se les realizó ATR obtuvieron bloqueo IPACK. La puntuación del dolor se mantuvo en una escala leve en un rango de 1-3 durante las 48 horas de seguimiento. En el 73% de los casos no se requirió una dosis de opioide de rescate. El 81% de los pacientes logró caminar en las primeras 24 horas. Conclusión: El IPACK, combinado con el bloqueo femoral y la anestesia neuroaxial, resultan ser una excelente estrategia analgésica para logar un adecuado control del dolor en ATR, pronta rehabilitación y deambulación temprana del paciente.

Stents in the femoropopliteal territory: prevalence of fractures and their consequences / Stents no território fêmoro-poplíteo: prevalência de fraturas e suas consequências

ABSTRACT Endovascular treatment for femoropopliteal arterial disease has made revascularization procedures less invasive, but the self-expanding stents used can suffer great wear in arteries with extreme mobility. Objective: to evaluate the prevalence of fractures in stents implanted in the femoropopliteal segment, to identify predisposing factors and consequences on arterial patency. Method: between March and June 2019, thirty patients previously operated for femoropopliteal obstruction underwent stent X-rays in anteroposterior and lateral views to detect fractures and Doppler to analyze arterial patency. Results: we observed 12 cases with fractures (33.3%): 1 type I (2.8%), 3 type II (8.3%), 5 type III (13.9%), 3 type IV (8.3%) and no type V. According to the TASC II we had 1 in group B (8.3%), 6 in group C (50%) and 5 in group D (41.6%) p <0.004. The number of stents per limb was 3.1 (± 1.3) in cases of fracture versus 2.3 (± 1.3) in cases without fracture (p = 0.08). The extension was 274.17mm (± 100.94) in cases of fracture and 230.83mm (± 135.44) in cases without fracture (p = 0.29). On Doppler we had: 17 patients (47.2%) without stenosis, 9 patients (25%) with stenosis> 50% and 10 patients (27.8%) with occlusion (p = 0.37). There was no correlation between fracture and arterial obstruction (p = 0.33). Conclusion: stent fractures are a frequent finding in the femoropopliteal area (33.3%), being more prevalent in cases of more advanced disease (C and D). There was no association between the finding of fracture and arterial obstruction.

RESUMO Os tratamentos endovasculares para a doença arterial obstrutiva fêmoro-poplítea tornaram os procedimentos de revascularização menos invasivos, porém os stents metálicos autoexpansíveis utilizados podem sofrer grande desgaste em artérias com extrema mobilidade. Objetivo: avaliar a prevalência de fraturas em stents implantados no segmento fêmoro-poplíteo, identificar fatores predisponentes e possíveis consequências sobre a patência arterial. Métodos: entre março a junho de 2019, trinta pacientes previamente operados por obstrução fêmoro-poplítea realizaram RX dos stents em incidências ântero-posterior e perfil para detectar fraturas e eco Doppler para analisar a patência arterial. Resultados: observamos 12 casos com fraturas (33,3%): 1 do tipo I (2,8%), 3 do tipo II (8,3%), 5 do tipo III (13,9%), 3 do tipo IV (8,3%) e nenhuma tipo V. Segundo a classificação TASC II, tivemos 1 no grupo B (8,3%), 6 no grupo C (50%) e 5 no grupo D (41,6%) p<0,004. O número de stents por membro foi de 3,1 (±1,3) nos casos de fratura contra 2,3 (±1,3) nos casos sem fratura (p = 0,08). A extensão tratada foi 274,17mm (±100,94) nos casos de fratura e 230,83mm (±135,44) nos casos sem fratura (p=0,29). No Doppler tivemos: 17 pacientes (47,2%) sem estenose, 9 pacientes (25%) com estenose>50% e 10 pacientes (27,8%) com oclusão (p=0,37). Não houve correlação entre fratura e obstrução arterial (p=0,33). Conclusão: as fraturas de stents são um achado frequente no setor fêmoro-poplíteo (33,3%) sendo mais prevalentes nos casos de doença mais avançada TASC II C e D. Não houve associação entre o achado de fratura e obstrução arterial.